读英语～暗网HowDutchPoliceTookOverHansa,aTopDarkWebMarketWIRED
For anyone who has watched the last few years of cat-and-mouse games on the dark web's black markets, the pattern is familiar: A contraband bazaar like the Silk Road attracts thousands of drug dealers and their customers, along with intense scrutiny from police and three-letter agencies. Authorities hunt down its administrators, and tear the site offline in a dramatic takedown—only to find that its buyers and sellers have simply migrated to the next dark-web market on their list.
️️️️️️️️️️️️️️️️️️️So when Dutch police got onto the trail of the popular dark-web marketplace Hansa in the fall of 2016, they decided on a different approach: Not a mere takedown, but a takeover.
In interviews with WIRED, ahead of a talk they plan to give at Kaspersky Security Analyst Summit Thursday, two Netherlands National High Tech Crime Unit officers detailed their 10-month investigation into Hansa, once the largest dark-web market in Europe. At its height, Hansa's 3,600 dealers offered more than 24,000 drug product listings, from cocaine to MDMA摇头丸 to heroin, as well as a smaller trade in fraud tools and counterfeit伪造 documents. In their probe into that free-trade zone, which would come to be known as Operation Bayonet, the Dutch investigators not only identified the two alleged所谓的 administrators of Hansa's black market operation in Germany, but went so far as to hijack the two arrested men's accounts to take full control of the site itself.
'We thought maybe we could really damage the trust in this whole system.'
Marinus Boekelo, NHTCU
The NHTCU officers explained how, in the undercover work that followed, they surveilled监控 Hansa's buyers and sellers, discreetly altered the site's code to grab more identifying information of those users, and even tricked dozens of Hansa's anonymous sellers into opening a beacon file信标文件on their computers that revealed their locations. The fallout of that law enforcement coup, the officers claim, has been one of the most successful blows against the dark web in its short history: millions of dollars worth of confiscated bitcoins没收的比特币, more than a dozen arrests and counting of the site's top drug dealers, and a vast database of Hansa user information that authorities say should haunt anyone who bought or sold on the site during its last month online.
"When a dark market is taken down, everyone goes to the next one. It's a whack-a-mole effect," says Marinus Boekelo, one of the NHTCU investigators who worked on the Hansa operation. By secretly seizing control of Hansa rather than merely unplugging it from the internet, Boekelo says he and his Dutch police colleagues aimed not only to uncover more about Hansa's unsuspecting users, but to deal a psychological blow to the broader dark-web drug trade. "We thought maybe we could really damage the trust in this whole system," he says.
While the Hansa takeover at times involved the close cooperation of American and German law enforcement, neither the US Department of Justice nor the German Federal Criminal Police Office responded to WIRED's requests for comment, leaving some elements of the NHTCU's account without independent confirmation. What follows is the Dutch police's own, candid description of their experience digging into—and ultimately running—one of the world's top online narcotics trafficking operations.
Pulling Loose Threads
Despite its dramatic turns, the Hansa investigation started in a traditional fashion: with a tip. Security researchers believed they had found a Hansa server in the Netherlands data center of a web-hosting firm. (Security firm BitDefender has claimed some involvement in the Hansa operation. But the NHTCU declined to reveal the name of the security company or the web-hosting firm, along with several other details they say they're keeping under wraps to protect methods and sources. Even the names of the two German men charged with running Hansa remain secret, since German law protects the names of prosecuted individuals until their trial.)
As Boekelo tells it, the security firm had somehow found Hansa's development server, a version of the site where it tested new features before deploying them in the live version that handled its formidable load of thousands of visits from drug shoppers every day. While the live Hansa site was protected by Tor, the development server had somehow been exposed online, where the security firm discovered it and recorded its IP address.
Gert Ras (left) and Marinus Boekelo (right).
Manuel Velásquez Figueroa
The Dutch police quickly contacted the web host, demanded access to its data center, and installed network-monitoring equipment that allowed them to spy on all traffic to and from the machine. They immediately found that the development server also connected to a Tor-protected server at the same location that ran Hansa's live site, as well as a pair of servers in another data center in Germany. They then made a copy of each server's entire drive, including records of every transaction performed in Hansa's history, and every conversation that took place through its anonymized messaging system.
Even that massive security breach shouldn't have necessarily exposed any of the site's vendors or administrators, since all of Hansa's visitors and admins used pseudonyms, and sites protected by Tor can only be accessed by users running Tor, too, anonymizing their web connections. But after poring through the contents of the servers, the police found a major operational slip-up: One of the German servers contained the two alleged founders' chat logs on the antiquated messaging protocol IRC. The conversations stretched back years, and amazingly, included both admins' full names and, for one man, his home address.
Setting the Trap
Hansa's two suspected admins, the Dutch cops had discovered, were across the border in Germany—one 30-year-old man in the city of Siegen, and another 31-year-old in Cologne. But when the NHTCU contacted the German authorities to request their arrest and extradition, they discovered the pair were already on the radar of German authorities, and under investigation for the creation of Lul.to, a site selling pirated ebooks and audiobooks.
That gave the Dutch investigators an idea: Perhaps they could use the existing German investigation as cover for their own operation, letting the German police nab their suspects for e-book piracy and then secretly taking over Hansa without tipping off the market's users. "We came up with this plan to take over. We could use that arrest," says Gert Ras, the head of the NHTCU. "We had to get rid of the real administrators to become the administrators ourselves."
Just as the NHTCU's elaborate trap started to take shape, however, it was also falling apart: The Hansa servers the Dutch cops were watching suddenly went silent. Ras and Boekelo say they suspect that their copying of the servers somehow tipped off the site's admins. As a result, they had moved the market to another Tor-protected location, shuffling it in Tor's vast deck of anonymized machines around the globe. "That was a setback," Ras says.
Even then, remarkably, the Dutch cops didn't simply cut their losses, ask the Germans to arrest Hansa's administrators, and likely used clues from their computers to find the site's servers and shut them down. Instead, they decided to stick with their stealthy takeover plan, and spent the ensuing months poring over evidence—even as the site continued its brisk narcotics trade—in an attempt to locate the Hansa servers again and quietly hijack them. Finally in April 2017, they got another lucky break: The alleged administrators had made a bitcoin payment from an address that had been included in those same IRC chatlogs. Using the blockchain analysis software Chainalysis, the police could see that payment went to a bitcoin payment provider with an office in the Netherlands. And when the police sent that bitcoin payment firm a legal demand to cough up more information, it identified the recipient of that transaction as another hosting company, this time in Lithuania.
Two For One
Not long after pinpointing those servers for the second time, the NHTCU learned of another surprising windfall: The FBI contacted them to tell them that they'd located one of the servers for AlphaBay, the world's most popular dark-web drug market at the time—far larger than Hansa—in the Netherlands. American investigators were closing in and wanted to pull the plug, just as the Dutch were planning to commandeer Hansa.
The Dutch police quickly realized that after AlphaBay was shut down, its refugees would go searching for a new marketplace. If their scheme worked, AlphaBay's users would flood to Hansa, which would secretly be under police control. "Not only would we get this effect of undermining the trust in dark markets, we'd also get this influx of people," Ras says. They'd be able to surveil a far larger portion of the dark-web economy, he says, and instill a sense in users that there was nowhere to hide. Even fleeing to another marketplace wouldn't let them escape law enforcement's reach.
With the pieces of the takeover plan in place, the Dutch police sent a pair of agents to the Lithuanian data center, taking advantage of the two countries' mutual legal assistance treaty. On June 20, in a carefully timed move designed to catch the two German suspects at the keyboard, the German police raided the two men's homes, arrested them, and seized their computers with their hard drives unencrypted. The Germans then signaled the Dutch police, who immediately began the migration of all of Hansa's data to a new set of servers under full police control in the Netherlands.
"We coordinated with the Germans, so that when they busted in the door we immediately started our action," says Boekelo. "We didn’t want to have any downtime."
Under questioning in a German jail, the two men handed over credentials to their accounts, including the Tox peer-to-peer chat system they had used to communicate with the site's four moderators. After three days, Hansa was fully migrated to the Netherlands and under Dutch police control. No users—or even those moderators—appeared to have noticed the change.
Total Control
For the next month, the Dutch police would use their position at the top of Europe's largest dark-web market to pull off increasingly aggressive surveillance of its users. They rewrote the site's code, they say, to log every user's password, rather than store them as encrypted hashes. They tweaked a feature designed to automatically encrypt messages with users' PGP keys, so that it secretly logged each message's full text before encrypting it, which in many cases allowed them to capture buyers' home addresses as they sent the information to sellers. The site had been set up to automatically removed metadata from photos of products uploaded to the site; they altered that function so that it first recorded a copy of the image with metadata intact. That enabled them to pull geolocation data from many photos that sellers had taken of their illegal wares.
The administrators' internal control panel for Hansa, showing a list of disputed sales that had been escalated from the site's four moderators.
NHTCU
As they tell it, the police eventually became so brazen that they staged a fake server glitch that deleted all the photos from the site, forcing sellers to re-upload photos and giving Dutch authorities another chance to capture the metadata. That ruse alone snagged the geolocated coordinates of more than 50 dealers.
In perhaps its most intrusive move of all, the NHTCU says it essentially tricked users into downloading and running a homing beacon. Hansa offered sellers a file to serve as a backup key, designed to let them recover bitcoin sent to them after 90 days even if the sites were to go down. The cops replaced that harmless text document with a carefully crafted Excel file, says Boekelo. When a seller opened it, their device would connect to a unique url, revealing the seller's IP address to the police. Boekelo says that 64 sellers fell for that trap.
Throughout the trickery, Hansa thrived under the NCHTU's secret control. The undercover agents had studied the logs of the real admins' conversations with their moderators and the site's users long enough to convincingly impersonate them, Ras and Boekelo say. In fact, a whole team of officers took turns impersonating the two admins, so that when disputes between buyers and sellers escalated beyond the moderators' authority, undercover agents were ready to deal with them even more efficiently than the real admins had. "The quality really went up," says Ras. "Everyone was very satisfied with the level of service they got."
Springing the Trap
That competence also made Hansa the natural destination when AlphaBay suddenly winked out of existence in early July of last year. As drug buyers became impatient, eventually more than 5,000 a day of them flocked to Hansa, eight times the normal registration rate, the NHTCU says—all of whom immediately fell under police surveillance.
One week after Alphabay first went down, the Wall Street Journal reported that the site's servers had been seized in a law enforcement raid and that its founder, Canadian Alexandre Cazès, had apparently committed suicide in a Thai prison. The news threw the dark web community into chaos. The resulting flood of Alphabay refugees became so large that the NHTCU shut down new registrations for ten days. The police were bound by Dutch law to track and report every transaction occurring on the site under their control to Europol; with roughly 1,000 illegal transactions occurring every day on their watch, the paperwork was becoming unmanageable.
After AlphaBay's shutdown, users poured into Hansa, which was under the Dutch police's full control.
NCHTU
During their time as black market administrators, the Dutch police only banned one product on Hansa: the highly dangerous opioid Fentanyl. All other drugs on the site continued to flow freely, a circumstance over which Ras and Boekelo seem surprisingly unconflicted. "They would have taken place anyway," says Ras without hesitation, "but on a different market."
After 27 days and about 27,000 transactions, however, the NHTCU decided to hang up its ledger. It unplugged Hansa, replacing the site with a seizure notice and a link to the NHTCU's own Tor site showing a list of identified and arrested dark-web drug buyers and sellers. "We trace people who are active at Dark Markets and offer illicit goods or services," the site read. "Are you one of them? Then you have our attention."
Fallout
The Dutch police came away from their Hansa takeover with concrete rewards: They obtained at least some data on 420,000 users, including at least 10,000 home addresses, which they've turned over to Europol to be distributed to other police agencies around Europe and the world. Since the takedown, Ras says, they've arrested a dozen of Hansa's top vendors, with more arrests planned for coming weeks. They seized 1,200 bitcoins from Hansa, worth about $12 million by today's exchange rates. Since Hansa used bitcoin's multi-signature transaction function to protect funds from police seizure, that confiscation was only possible because the NHTCU had taken over the site and sabotaged its code to disable that feature during Hansa's last month online.
The Dutch police say they've also performed roughly 50 "knock-and-talks," in-person visits to buyers' homes to let them know they've been identified by their dark-web drug purchases, though they say only one high-volume buyer has been arrested so far. "We want people to be aware," says Ras. "We have the data. It's here, and it's not going away."
'Everyone was very satisfied with the level of service they got.'
Gert Ras, NHU
As for the operation's impact on the overall drug trade, the police point to a study by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, which found that the Hansa hijacking did have a significantly different outcome from previous dark-web takedowns. While most drug vendors who fled AlphaBay showed up soon after on other dark web drug sites, those who fled Hansa didn't—or if they did, they recreated their online identities thoroughly enough to escape recognition. "Compared to both the Silk Road takedowns, or even the AlphaBay takedown, the Hansa Market shut down stands out in a positive way," the report reads. "We see the first signs of game-changing police intervention."
Other dark-web trackers aren't so sure. Nicolas Christin, a researcher at Carnegie Mellon, says it's tough to measure the long-term impact of the Hansa operation, as drug buyers and sellers still flock to alternative sites like Dream Market, the new top dark-web drug site after Hansa and AlphaBay's desmise, and even to invite-only sites created by individual sellers. "I think in the short term, it created a lot of upheaval," Christin says. "Whether it was sustained, I really don't know."
As for Hansa's users themselves, opinion seems split. "Looks like I'll be sober for a while. Not trusting any markets," one user wrote on Reddit's darknet-focused forum the day the Hansa takedown was announced last summer.
But some insisted that the dark web would bounce back, even from the most elaborate sting operation it had ever seen. "Things will stabilize, they always do," that anonymous user wrote. "The Great Game of whack-a-mole never ends."
Caught in the Dark Web
If you thought the Hansa story was intense, wait until you read about how Silk Road went down
Also, anyone paying for drugs online with bitcoin should know they may not have covered their tracks as well as they thought
When AlphaBay and Hansa both went offline, the dark web descended into chaos
This story has been updated to include BitDefender's claim of involvement.
WSM是什么意思
WSM是基于web的系统管理程序。
wsm是web-based system manager的简称，它是基于web的系统管理程序,它是一个客户到服务器方式的图形化程序，它的图形界面可以使用户管理本地系统和远程系统。
wsm提供一个全面的系统管理环境它比smit管理的任务还要多一些，你可以按照三种方法使用wsm。
扩展资料：
2015年对于暗网市场来说是一个分水岭，该年3月份，一家名为进化的暗网市场进行了一次大规模的Exit Scam，在窃取了用户以及商户托管的价值1200万美元的比特币后，直接关停运营。
而后接棒市场领头羊之位的是黑行和Agora两家暗网市场，但前者在同年5月以网站维护的名义暂停几日后，同样携款跑路。
接连发生的平台跑路事件和用户与商户的舆论压力，使得各家平台不得不调整自己的托管方式和运营模式。
WSM正是在这种背景下，于2016年诞生，上线伊始，它就尝试着引入了一些新的机制，支持门罗币以加强交易的隐私性。
上线Multisig的比特币托管模式，与传统的平台托管模式并存，降低客户与商户资金被平台裹挟而逃的风险。
它还设立了深度FAQ版块，为客户理解其平台提供帮助，此外，它还在Dread、Reddit上请专员来为客户和商户处理问题，并且维护平台与外界的公共关系。
参考资料来源：百度百科—wsm
从事暗杀,人口贩卖,奴隶贩卖的黑死病组织是什么?
“黑死病组织”一词最早出现在表网得追溯到2015年7月份左右，当时他们在各种欧美论坛发贴招聘黑客，Kuma君尝试找到最初的原始版本。
由这篇8chan论坛的帖子可以看出，发帖时间为2015年7月5日，这是众多网站中的其中一篇，而所有网站有关于“黑死病组织”招聘黑客的帖子内容都是相同的。
而到此为止，没人知道这个黑死病组织究竟是干嘛的，Reddit上的网友也在讨论，觉得可能只是一个恶作剧网站而已。
当然情况在7月27日出现了变化，一位名叫约瑟夫（Joseph Cox）的专栏作家在某网站（不点名了，一个很知名V姓媒体网站）发布了一篇关于揭秘“黑死病组织”的文章。
文章揭示“黑死病组织”是一个活动在暗网从事绑架、贩卖人口的犯罪组织，并且会时常在其暗网主页上拍卖女性。
其中约瑟夫还分享了某个Reddit用户在黑死病网站浏览的经历：
这个关于“女孩妮可”的暗网故事，各位随便百度一下就能搜索到，这也是最早开始流传的关于黑死病组织的暗网故事版本。
在文章发表没多久，Reddit和推特的网友实锤文章图片造假，网友们通过某知名X人网站的图片搜索片源功能进行查询，查询结果该图片只是某BDSM（X爱的一种类型）影片某几帧的截图而已。
文章作者约瑟夫本身也是Reddit用户，他看见实锤讨论后立即下架了自己当时发表的文章，然后更换了新的版本进行上传。
新版本中，他特意提到了妮可照片造假的事实，但并没有直接否定妮可这个故事的真实性。以下就是约瑟夫更改后的文章配图，显然已经去掉了本来存在的姓名这一行。
什么是比特币？比特币如何产生的？
首先我们要知道，比特市不是政府发行的，不是由中国人民银行发行的，它是从2009年才开始有的，它通过P2P分布式网络来核查重复消费，比特币通过下载客户端可以制造比特币，不存在伪造行为，它是通过一套密码编码通过复杂的算法产生的，每四年比特币的数量会减半，所以比特币很值钱。
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其实比特币在现实生活中也在应用，如：四川芦山地震时中国第一次允许用比特币作为捐赠物，其实也就是从那时起比特币才开始火热起来，大家很好奇比特币是什么东西，才开始认识这个东西。
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我们如何得到比特币呢？其实大家也知道有两种方法：
一种方法就是到网络市场上去买，根据与人民币的换算去购买，现在差不多，一比特币要换5000多元人币吧。
另外一种方法就是通过下载客户端进行计算特定数量的数学问题来获得比特币。
其实第二种方法也并不是这么容易就能够获得的，也需要很大的成本才能赚到，我的一个朋友运行了几天才赚到0.0016比特币，很难，可能与方法，电脑也有一定的关系。
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现在有很多人用比特币进行投资，其实说实话也在用这个东西投资还有一定的风险的，国家现在还没有承认这个东西的合法性，现在很大程度上只是在网络上进行交易，也有一部分人用于黑市交易，最近一段时间内比特币肯定会升值，但是就要看下一步政府怎样对网络进行监管，因为现在网络监管很滞后，网络上产生的很多问题，现实中没有人去解决，可能政府现在也是心有余力不足，没有找到合适的方法，
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想象一下，目前全球没有一个统一的货币在运行，也都通过兑换的形式进行操作的，如果比特币能够担当这个重任的话，势必是个好事情，现在通过虚拟的形式比特币已经可以买到现实生活中的所有的东西了，尽管政府现在还不承认，但是它已经很现实的存在了。但是很多人认为比特币是一个阴谋，是用后人的精力或财力为前人做事。也就是说现在我们对比特币这么热衷其实钱早被最早的人赚去了。
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比特币与QQ币的区别：
比特币不属于任何一个国家或公司或团体，它广泛的存在于网络当中，目前可以和任何一个国家的货币进行兑换，现在各个国家对它都很重视，虽然没有成为法定货币。
QQ币属于腾讯公司，现在腾讯公司大力推广这个QQ币，其它团体或公司很少有推广这个东西，因为这样不会给它带来任何利益。
，但近几周币值一路高涨，直至4月10日创出266美元的峰值之后，该币币值便出现一轮暴跌，盘中一路下跌至105美元，跌幅高达61%。比特币是什么？比特币有什么价值？很多人在谈论这一虚拟货币。意见分为两派：一派认为，比特币似乎就是一种庞式骗局；另一派则认为比特币是一种创新。
但还有一类人，还根本不太了解何谓比特币——而这部分人，可能是绝大多数。
接下来，我们借用 科技 博客网站Business Insider的一篇文章，来给大家做一下入门级普及：这让人疯狂的货币是什么货。它与真实货币又有哪些区别呢？
（1）比特币是什么？
比特币出现与2008年，是一种分散化、匿名、只能在数字世界使用的货币，它不属于任何国家和金融机构，并且不受地域限制，可以在世界上的任何地方兑换它。
（2）比特币的起源
2008年，有人用笔名“中田聪（Satoshi Nakamoto）”发表了一篇论文，论文中描述了比特币的使用方法，1年后，比特币的首笔交易完成。
（虎嗅注：据福布斯中文网这篇文章称，这位采用日本名字的神秘人物已经消失在网络。没有人知道他是否真的是日本人，还是一个庞大的机构。《连线》从他的行文措辞推测，他有可能出生于美国，甚至有可能是Google公司或美国国家安全局的一个神秘小组的代号。）
（3）比特币从何而来？
用户可以买到比特币，同时还可以使用计算机依照算法进行大量的运算来“开采”比特币。在用户“开采”比特币时，需要用电脑搜寻64位的数字就行，然后通过反 复解谜与其他淘金者相互竞争，为比特币网络提供所需的数字，如果用户的电脑成功地创造出一组数字，那么就将会获得25个比特币。
由于比特币系统采用了分散化编程，所以目前在每10分钟内只能获得25个比特币，而到2140年，流通的比特币上限将会达到2100万。换句话说，比特币系统是能够实现自给自足的，通过编码来抵御通胀，并防止他人对这些代码进行破坏。
（4）比特币值多少钱？
在刚刚出现的时候，比特币几乎一文不值，1美元平均能够买到1309.03个比特币，但如今1比特币的价值相当于135.3美元，感兴趣的朋友可以登陆Preev网站了解比特币的实时报价。
（5）比特币能否兑换现金？
答案是肯定的。你只需与比特币交易机构取得联系即可完成兑换，其中Mt. Gox是目前最为流行的比特币交易平台，不过现在该平台仅通过一款应用程序接纳新成员。除此之外还有几家规模较大的交易所，能够进行比特币兑换和交易。
（6）比特币为何要匿名？如何实现匿名？
比特币之所以匿名是因为它们是建立在一个分散化的系统之上的，比特币是完全独立存在的，外界无法通过某种核心基础设施来关闭它。
“匿名”对于那些不想让自己的名字和所购置的商品或服务联系在一起的人来说是非常受用的，外人所看到的无非是你的比特币钱包地址和一串随机的文字和数字等信息，除此之外没有任何能够辨认个人身份的信息。同时对于相对偏执的用户来说，还可以免费创建多个新钱包。
（7）比特币能做什么？
此前曾报道称不法分子利用匿名的比特币来购买毒品和枪支等非法商品，但其实有很多合法的商家如今也接受比特币交易，比如豪生连锁酒店（Howard Johnson）就乐意接受比特币付费，而BitElectronics更是一家只接受比特币的消费电子产品商店。
（9）比特币合法吗？
比特币并不是真实货币，它不像纸币和硬币那样代表一定的价值。目前美国政府并担心比特币可能会对金融市场造成的影响，因为只需通过制订对应的法案就能对其进 行管理和控制。相对于曾经出现的“自由美元”来说，后者是1998和2009年之间所出现的一种能够替代实物的流通型货币，而其创造者伯纳德·冯·诺特豪 斯（Bernard von NotHaus）也在2011年因自行制造、占有和销售货币被判有罪。
目前可以通过多种渠道了解到关于比特币的信息，Bitcoin subreddit和Bitcoin Magazine都是获得比特币的消息源。来源于虎嗅网
1.资本相对集中
全球资本集中在政府机构以及个体金融机构系统中，资金高度集中的同时带来了一系列的分布不平衡。资产持有不公、分配不公以及由此衍生出一系列的暴动等等，不断冲击着这种集中制度，无政府组织为了对抗这种政府集中制度，不断寻找新的资金分管方法。这种出于不信任中心体系而出现的对抗行为，最终推动了信任机器的开动。
2.区块链雏形
直到2008年一位化名为“中本聪”的学者发表了一篇名为《区块链：一种点对点的电子现金系统》，区块链由此得以命名。次年1月，一串程序代码出现，编程的技术至今无法破解，这一代码为区块链的问世提供了雏形。“中本聪”由此创建出比特币创世区块，并产生第一笔50枚的比特币奖励。区块链的问世同样预示着信任机制的出现，不再依靠集中制度来完成区块的创造和拥有。区块链的内涵不仅仅是比特币或者某种数字货币，它还包括智能合约等一系列基于信任的应用。
3.产生平等
因此，区块链以及比特币可以说是一群不信任中心化机构和现存金融体系的互联网产物，用先进的技术对抗全球的现行货币体制。区块链的诞生垫付了传统的资金持有市场，产生公平、公正、相等的持有权利，因而得到国外无政府组织者的青睐，并在国外盛传。
4.核心思想
单区块链拥有的核心思想是，由中心化的体系来保证某种东西的价值是不可信的，再区块链系统中，每一个节点只需要根据自身的利益行事，才能保证系统安全。
北京时间2009年1月4日，白皮书的作者中本聪在位于芬兰赫尔辛基的一个小型服务器上，亲自创建了第一个区块——即比特币创世区块，并获得了第一笔50枚比特币的奖励，第一个比特币就此问世。
关于比特币
2010年5月22日，早期比特币爱好者——美国程序员拉兹洛希望能用比特币交换实物商品，他在一个比特币论坛发帖说：希望用10000个比特币交换2个价值25美元的披萨。一位英国志愿者与拉兹洛达成交易，获得了10000个比特币的报酬。这是比特币第一次有了价格，在整个加密社区引起了很大的轰动，人们为了纪念这次交易，把每年的5月22日称为“比特币披萨日”，比特币爱好者们聚在一起吃披萨庆祝。以现在比特币的比特币价格计算，当时的2块披萨价值约3亿人民币，买披萨的拉兹洛哥哥哭晕在厕所。
每小时全球能产生6个数据块，每4年就能产生21万个数据块；然后对数据块的报酬进行递减式支付，第一个4年支付每个数据块50比特币，第二个4年支付每个数据块25个比特币，第三个4年支付每个数据块12.5个比特币，以此类推......最后总的比特币数量就是--21万X(50+25+12.5+6.25+3.125+...) = 2100万。括号里数字相加的总合近似一百，到2040年，比特币总数达到2100万枚。
一、比特币病毒再次让它成为焦点
5月12日，全球突发比特币病毒疯狂袭击公共和商业系统事件！
英国各地超过40家医院遭到大范围网络黑客攻击，国家医疗服务系统（NHS）陷入一片混乱。
中国多个高校校园网也集体沦陷。
全球有接近74个国家受到严重攻击，比如：英国、西班牙、意大利、葡萄牙、俄罗斯和乌克兰等。
受到感染后，勒索软件通常会将用户系统上所有的文档、邮件、数据库、源代码、图片、压缩文件等多种文件进行某种形式的加密操作，使之不可用，或者通过修改系统配置文件，干扰用户正常使用系统，使系统的可用性降低；
在用户心急如焚想要开启文档时，勒索软件就会通过弹出窗口、对话框或生成文本文件等的方式，向用户发出勒索通知，要求用户向指定帐户汇款（支付比特币赎金）来获得解密文件的密码，或者获得恢复系统正常运行的方法。
二、讲讲比特币的起源
比特币（BitCoin）的概念最初由中本聪（Satoshi Nakamoto）在2008年的论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统（中文版）》提出。2009年，根据中本聪的思路设计发布的开源软件以及建构其上的P2P网络。
它是一种总量恒定2100万的数字货币，和互联网一样具有去中心化、全球化、匿名性等特性。向地球另一端转账比特币，就像发送电子邮件一样简单，低成本，无任何限制。
比特币因此被用于跨境贸易、支付、汇款等领域。
比特币是一种P2P形式的数字货币。点对点的传输意味着一个去中心化的支付系统。
与大多数货币不同，比特币不依靠特定货币机构发行，它依据特定算法，通过大量的计算产生，比特币经济使用整个P2P网络中众多节点构成的分布式数据库来确认并记录所有的交易行为，并使用密码学的设计来确保货币流通各个环节安全性。
P2P的去中心化特性与算法本身可以确保无法通过大量制造比特币来人为操控币值。
基于密码学的设计可以使比特币只能被真实的拥有者转移或支付。这同样确保了货币所有权与流通交易的匿名性。
比特币与其他虚拟货币最大的不同，是其总数量非常有限，具有极强的稀缺性。
该货币系统曾在4年内只有不超过1050万个，之后的总数量将被永久限制在2100万个。
从比特币的本质说起，比特币的本质其实就是一堆复杂算法所生成的特解。特解是指方程组所能得到无限个（其实比特币是有限个）解中的一组。而每一个特解都能解开方程并且是唯一的。以人民币来比喻的话，比特币就是人民币的序列号，你知道了某张钞票上的序列号，你就拥有了这张钞票。而挖矿的过程就是通过庞大的计算量不断的去寻求这个方程组的特解，这个方程组被设计成了只有2100万个特解，所以比特币的上限就是2100万个。
比特币之所以这么火，就是有了货币特征后，可以被全世界所接收，交易，储存。形成了它独特的生存环境。
二、比特币是数字黄金
比特币由于广阔的前景和巨大的遐想空间，自2009年诞生后价格持续上涨，2011年币价达到1美元，2013年最高达到1200美元，超过1盎司黄金价格，有“数字黄金”的美称（目前币价约450美元）。
比特币可以用来兑现，可以兑换成大多数国家的货币。
使用者可以用比特币购买一些虚拟物品，比如网络 游戏 当中的衣服、帽子、装备等，只要有人接受，也可以使用比特币购买现实生活当中的物品。
在诞生后，比特币作为一种前所未有的新型货币，经历了无数的市场考验和技术攻击，始终屹立不倒。
现在比特币已成长为一个在全球有着数百万用户，数万商家接受付款，市值最高达百亿美元的货币系统。
西维吉尼亚州民主党参议员乔·曼钦（Joe Manchin）2014年2月26日向美国联邦政府多个监管部门发出公开信，希望有关机构能够就比特币鼓励非法活动和扰乱金融秩序的现状予以重视，并要求能尽快采取行动，以全面封杀该电子货币。
三、我国的比特币交易平台
我国也有交易比特币的三大平台，它们分别是火币网、币行、比特币。
2017年1月11日，中国人民银行上海总部、上海市金融办等对比特币中国开展现场检查，重点检查该企业是否未经许可或无牌照开展信贷、支付、汇兑等相关业务；反洗钱制度落实情况；资金安全隐患等。2017年1月12日，央行营业管理部也在北京进驻“火币网”、“币行”等交易平台。
2017年1月24日中午12：00起，中国三大比特币平台正式开始收取交易费。
目前互联网上出现了大量由骗子公司控制发行的虚拟币，号称是比特币的模仿改进者，但实际上是传销或庞氏骗局（例如珍宝币、维卡币、摩根币等），或虽然不是纯粹的骗局，但被庄家高度控盘（例如鲨鱼币、谷壳币等）。
这些骗子币与比特币的最大区别在于：比特币不属于任何人或组织，是一个无人控制的，去中心化运行的货币。而这些骗子币有明确的发行方，并被发行方完全控制。骗子币虽然也叫“币”，但和比特币完全是两码事。
和开放代码的比特币不同，大部分骗子币都不开放代码，或者干脆连代码都没有，只是网站上的一个数字，发行方想改多少就有多少。
骗子币往往有人卖力发帖推广，一般用上下线拉人头的手段吸纳资金。
一个最简单的判断方法是，如果XX币由号称“实力雄厚”的XX公司发行，有着广阔的前景，并保证投资/挖矿收益高，许诺能涨能赚钱，要你花钱购买，那100%是骗子币。
尽量用简单的语句来讲讲，希望你能看懂。
在过去的一些时间里，或许你听到比特币这个词已超过1000次了，但仍然无法理解，比特币究竟是什么？
简而言之， 比特币是一种可以轻松存储和传输的加密文件，这是一种加密货币 ，它是第一种也是最大的加密货币。
今天的比特币价格大概是每个五万左右（最高到了13万），你一定会问，凭什么要为这样一段代码支付高额的真金白银？
故事是以一个以物易物的方式开始的，第一批比特币交易是在论坛上通过讨价还价实现，比如其中就有一笔交易是这样：用10000比特币购买两块比萨饼。
比特币的核心是一种新的数字资产形式，它是通过无与伦比的加密组合和点对点网络创建的。那么它如何为我们提供价值？
如果你要汇钱到国外，无论通过银行电汇或网上服务，你都必须支付一定的银行服务费或交易费用，事实上，资金只是从一个账户转移到另一个账户，可为什么你会损失一定的钱呢？
但比特币就不一样了。它不属于任何国家或机构或个人，它不受监管，任何有互联网连接的人都可以得到它，你只需点击几下鼠标，它就可以自由转移到世界任何地方。
或许你又会问，怎么保证它的安全性，这不是一个骗局呢？这不得不提到一个专业名词：区块链，它是比特币所依赖的基础技术。你可以把它当作是分类帐本，记录着网络上发生的每一笔交易，所有上网的人都可以访问，当任何人发起新的交易（发送或接收比特币）时，交易将通过区块链进行验证。区块链最大程度地解决了人与人之间信任的问题。
比特币类似于黄金，可以认为是数字黄金，比特币的供应量有限（最多2100万个，目前已开采1670万），挖掘将变得越来越困难。正是由于供应有限，许多人认为这是一种价值储备。因此挖矿（增加新的比特币）和投资比特币成为近一年非常热门的话题。
由于比特币的影响越来越大，世界各国政府已经介入，规范比特币交易，以便它可以成为金融体系中较为成熟的一部分。在中国，已经明令金融机构和支付机构不得开展与比特币相关的业务，以规避比特币交易中间的一些违法行为。
比特币与人民币，美元，英镑等货币不同，比特币是一种网络虚拟货币，而且是去中心化的虚拟货币，像Q币也是虚拟币，但它是中心化的，也就是说它是受到监管的，而比特币不同，比特币是去中心化的虚拟货币，也就是说它不受中心监管的，它依据特定算法，通过大量的计算产生。我个人而言，这就是美国收割羊毛的工具。大家都不要碰它
2008年，中本聪发表题为“比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统”的白皮书，从此宣告了比特币的诞生。 首先请留意白皮书的标题核心“点对点”和“电子现金”。
1.什么是“点对点”
点对点就是指比特币系统不需要一个特定的服务器，例如我们登陆微信，需要连接腾讯的微信服务器，登陆淘宝，需要连接阿里的淘宝服务器，但是如果这些中心化的服务器关闭了怎么办呢？其答案就是我们没办法登陆微信或者是淘宝了。而比特币“点对点”的网络结构，并不依赖某个或者是某一群特定的服务器，可以这样理解，比特币系统，每一个参与者既是用户也是一部“服务器”，因此某个组织或者某个人是无法控制比特币的，也无法篡改比特币交易记录的。所以说比特币是“去中心化”的数字货币。
2.电子现金
顾名思义，比特币从诞生那天起就有取代传统货币的野心，想成为未来真正的货币，按照中本聪的算法设计，比特币的总量是恒定的，总共2100万个，比特币发行不依靠某个机构，它是依据特定的算法进行计算产生，产生过程也称为“挖矿”。同时比特币每四年“产量”减半，因此比特币不会面临货币超发的现象。目前房价居高不下的原因之一就是货币超发。在2008年，中国的广义货币M2总量只有47万亿，而现在在2017年已经达到了174万亿，货币总量就增加了近3倍，这也是过去10年全国房价实际涨幅平均达到3倍以上的主要原因。
比特币（BitCoin）是一种数字货币。比特币的概念最初由中本聪在2009年提出。
比特币不依靠特定货币机构发行，它依据特定算法，通过大量的计算产生。比特币无法通过大量制造比特币来人为操控币值，并且比特币只能被真实的拥有者转移或支付。这同样确保了货币所有权与流通交易的匿名性。比特币的总数量非常有限。该货币系统曾在4年内只有不超过1050万个，之后的总数量将被永久限制在2100万个，所以比特币是不会出现通货膨胀的。
2010年5月22日，美国佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔的程序员Laszlo Hanyecz，用 10000 BTC 购买了价值25美元的披萨。这是现实世界中第一笔比特币交易。
由于比特币流通交易的匿名性，在全球的暗网里被广泛使用，被用于购买枪械、毒品、杀人等犯罪行为。
比特币的价值主要体现在人们对它的认可，如果某一天全世界的人全部不认可比特币，那么比特币也就不再有任何价值，只会成为一串代码。
比特币的本质是一堆复杂算法所产生的特解，特解是指方程组所能得到无限个而比特币是有限个中的一组，而每一个特解都能解开方程并且是唯一。
人民币为例，比特币就是人民币的序列号，你知道了某张钞票上的序列号，你就拥有了这张钞票，而想要拥有这张钞票，你就需要通过庞大的计算量不断的去寻求这个方程组的特解。
大家都知道比特币不是一种无形的硬币，但也不是大家想象的能够把比特币从整个系统中分离出来的一种数据，比特币的本质是一种互相验证的公开记账系统，其工作就是记录所有账户发生的交易。
每个账户的每一笔交易都记录在账本里而且每个人都有一本完整的账本，每个人都可以独立统计出比特币有史以来每一笔资金流动，当然也能算出任何账户余额有多少，这就是我对比特币本质的理解希望对你有帮助。
一种基于区块链技术，
衍生出来的虚拟货币。
因为数量有限，每年产生的货币都在大幅度减少，所以价值很高，
再加上炒作等商业手段，比特币的价格起伏不定！
区块链技术，简单来说，就是去中心化，
不再以政府等机关为中心，人人都可以成为中心，
或许再未来就会以一种新的方式，
人们进行交易，越过政府等相关部门，
区块链技术就是提供这样的一种环境！
类似于比特币这种的虚拟货币，
已经出现很多了。
例如以太币等，
通俗来讲就是不同的公司利用区块链技术研发出来的，按照一定的无法更改的算法，产生的一种虚拟货币，而且再源源不断的产生，只是数量慢慢减少，一直到无穷小。
现在国内的一些企业。也在推出基于区块链技术的 游戏 。
莱茨狗啊。等。
都是一种方式，会产生他们自己的虚拟货币。
通过让莱茨狗进行所谓的工作等。
来产生虚拟货币，实行算法的计算，
而且数量会越来越少。所以会有升值现象的发生。
只是目前国内虚拟货币的价值还没有那么高，需要慢慢涨。
有兴趣的人可以注册一下，玩起来。
当然之所以区块链技术会提供安全的环境。
是因为它会收集你的信息。而且是无法更改的事实。
所以人们才会通过区块链技术的产生而绝对的信任，从而提供一个前所未有你大环境！
怎么正确的使用洋葱路由？
洋葱路由网络使用非对称加密，发送者从目录节点获得一把公开密钥，用之将要发送的消息加密并发送给链上的第一个节点，该节点又被称作入口节点（entry node）；其后与之创建连接和共享密钥。创建连接后发送者就可以通过这条连接发送加密过的消息至链上的第二个节点，该消息将只有第二个节点可以解密。
当第二个节点收到此消息后，便会与前一个节点也就是入口节点同样的创建连接，使发送者的加密连接延伸到它，但第二个节点并不晓得前一个节点在链中的身份。
之后按照同样原理，发送者通过入口节点和第二个节点的这条加密连接将只有第三个节点能解密的消息发送给第三个节点，第三节点同样的与第二个节点创建连接；借由重复相同的步骤，发送者能产生一条越来越长的连接，但在性能上仍有限制。
当链上的连接都创建后，发送者就可以透过其发送数据并保持匿名性。当目的地回送数据时，链上的节点会透过同一条连接将数据回传，且一样对数据层层加密，但加密的顺序与发送者完全相反；原发送者收到目的地回传的数据时，将仅剩最内一层加密，此时对其解密就可拿到目的地回送的消息。
扩展资料：
洋葱路由的弱点
虽然消息在洋葱路由网络中被层层加密，但是在出口节点时，该节点会把最后一层解密并将原始消息传给接收者；因此若出口节点遭到攻击或是受控制，则原始的消息将会被截取。
瑞典研究员丹‧伊格史塔德（瑞典语：Dan Egersta）曾用此方式获得了超过100封寄给外国大使馆的电子邮件密码。
出口节点漏洞的原理与未加密无线网络很类似，后者为用户将未加密的数据在无线网络上传送时可能中途被其他人截走；这两种问题都可以透过端对端加密连接如SSL、HTTPS等方式解决。
参考资料：百度百科-洋葱路由
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